Sea level variation in the Arctic Ocean since 1979 based on ORAS5 data

The Arctic is currently experiencing unprecedented changes across all components of the climate system, primarily driven by global warming. As an important indicator change in Arctic, sea level reflects variations both atmosphere and ocean. This paper analyzes variation Ocean over past four decades using ORAS5 data, which product latest reanalysis-analysis system produced European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). accurately reproduces main spatial features climatology temporal evolution surface height (SSH) Ocean, as observed satellite altimeters, reveals that seasonal variability most significant property this region. cycle SSH closely linked to atmospheric circulation ice formation. first two dominant modes annual-mean exhibit decadal variability. mode can be explained Ekman transport wind related Oscillation (AO), leads antiphase on continental shelves deep basins. second shows oscillation between Eurasian Canadian Archipelago (CAA) sides anomaly associated with dipole (DA). Due modes, particularly AO, has been continuously rising since mid-1990s or early 2000s, rapid rise occurring Beaufort Sea.